Tag: M.W:200-300

Reference of 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione, is researched, Molecular C13H20N4O2, CAS is 1028-33-7, about Dual use of a chemical auxiliary: molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective recovery of products from biocatalytic reaction mixtures. Author is Larsen, Aaron T.; Lai, Tiffany; Polic, Vanja; Auclair, Karine.

Auxiliary-directed biocatalysis is a powerful and relatively benign tool for chem. synthesis. We recently reported the use of theobromine as a chem. auxiliary for directing CYP3A4-catalyzed oxidations with predictable regio-, chemo- and stereo-selectivity (J.Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 7853). This highly successful strategy enabled the direct, regio- and stereo-selective hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds. However, recovering the products and starting materials from the resulting biocatalytic mixtures has proven challenging. To address this issue, we capitalized on the chem. auxiliary present on the starting material and enzymic reaction products. The chem. auxiliary was used as a template to generate molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). When used in solid-phase extractions, the MIPs reported here allow for the recovery (>90%) of theobromine-containing products and starting materials from complex mixtures such as cellular membrane extracts This strategy, which avoids the use of large amounts of organic solvents, represents an effective, easily-tailored, and reusable way to improve the recovered yield of biocatalytic transformations while extending the usefulness of a chem. auxiliary.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Pentoxifylline, propentofylline and pentifylline for acute ischaemic stroke.》. Authors are Bath, P M; Bath, F J; Asplund, K.The article about the compound:1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dionecas:1028-33-7,SMILESS:CN1C=NC(N(C(N2CCCCCC)=O)C)=C1C2=O).Product Details of 1028-33-7. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:1028-33-7) is conveyed.

BACKGROUND: Methylxanthine derivatives are vasodilators. They also inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 synthesis, decrease the release of free radicals and may be neuroprotective. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effect of intravenous or oral methylxanthines (pentoxifylline, propentofylline, or pentifylline) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group trials register, Medline (from 1965), Embase (from 1981), ISI (from 1981) and the Ottawa stroke trials registry. We contacted drug companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing pentoxifylline, propentofylline or pentifylline with placebo or control in patients with definite or presumed acute ischaemic stroke. Trials were included if treatment was started within one week of stroke onset. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently applied the inclusion criteria. Trial quality was assessed. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials were included. Four trials tested pentoxifylline in 763 people, and one tested propentofylline in 30 people. No trials of pentifylline were found. Early death (within four weeks) occurred in 34 of 408 patients given a methylxanthine drug compared with 49 of 385 given placebo (odds ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.41 to 1.02). This non-significant trend to less deaths was due mainly to one pentoxifylline trial that found a highly significant reduction in early deaths. Two trials reported early death or disability and found a non-significant reduction (odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.20 to 1.20). Late death (beyond four weeks) was reported in the propentofylline trial involving 30 patients, with no difference between treatment and placebo (odds ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.13 to 3.68). Data for neurological impairment and disability were not in a form suitable for analysis. Data on quality of life, stroke recurrence, thromboembolism and bleeding were not reported. REVIEWER’S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to assess the effectiveness and safety of methylxanthines after acute ischaemic stroke.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Lukina, Maria V.; Popov, Alexander V.; Koval, Vladimir V.; Vorobjev, Yuri N.; Fedorova, Olga S.; Zharkov, Dmitry O. researched the compound: 8-Bromoguanine( cas:3066-84-0 ).Electric Literature of C5H4BrN5O.They published the article 《DNA damage processing by human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase mutants with the occluded active site》 about this compound( cas:3066-84-0 ) in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Keywords: oxoguanineDNA glycosylase mutant DNA damage processing active site plasticity; 8-Oxoguanine; Abasic Site; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Enzyme Kinetics; Enzyme Mutation; Molecular Modeling; OGG1; Presteady-state Kinetics; Substrate Recognition. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:3066-84-0).

8-Oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) removes pre-mutagenic lesion 8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G) from DNA and then nicks the nascent abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic) site by β-elimination. Although the structure of OGG1 bound to damaged DNA is known, the dynamic aspects of 8-oxo-G recognition are not well understood. To comprehend the mechanisms of substrate recognition and processing, the authors constructed OGG1 mutants with the active site occluded by replacement of Cys-253, which forms a wall of the base-binding pocket, with bulky Leu or Ile residues. The conformational dynamics of OGG1 mutants were characterized by single-turnover kinetics and stopped-flow kinetics with fluorescent detection. Addnl., the conformational mobility of wild-type and the mutant OGG1 substrate complex was assessed using mol. dynamics simulations. Although pocket occlusion distorted the active site and greatly decreased the catalytic activity of OGG1, it did not fully prevent processing of 8-oxo-G and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Both mutants were notably stimulated in the presence of free 8-bromoguanine, indicating that this base could bind to the distorted OGG1 and facilitate β-elimination. The results agreed with the concept of enzyme plasticity, suggesting that the active site of OGG1 is flexible enough to compensate partially for distortions caused by mutation.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《SPECT monitoring of improved cerebral blood flow during long-term treatment of elderly patients with nootropic drugs.》. Authors are Dormehl, I C; Jordaan, B; Oliver, D W; Croft, S.The article about the compound:1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dionecas:1028-33-7,SMILESS:CN1C=NC(N(C(N2CCCCCC)=O)C)=C1C2=O).Reference of 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:1028-33-7) is conveyed.

PURPOSE: In normal aging persons, oxygen and glucose consumption progressively decreases with reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF), which could be responsible for age-related changes in cognitive functions. A data processing model with the use of Tc-99m SPECT of the human brain has been developed and found to be sensitive for monitoring the effects of drugs that increase CBF. In this study, the effect of two vasodilator drugs (the combination of pentifylline and nicotinic acid versus piracetam) was compared with the effect of placebo on CBF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty elderly volunteers had three different procedures using the Peelproc method to spatially standardize and compare CBF patterns by SPECT before and after drug intervention. The 30 patients were divided into five groups of six persons each who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the treatment sequences consisting of three phases: the combination of pentifylline and nicotinic acid (C), piracetam (N), and placebo (P), or C-N-P; P-N-C; P-C-N; N-C-P; C-P-N; or N-P-C. Phases 1 to 3 each consisted of a baseline recording of parameters (day 0), treatment for 60 days (days 1 to 60), and recording of parameters after treatment (day 61). RESULTS: In elderly human volunteers (ages, 52 to 70 years), after 2 months of oral treatment with a combination of pentifylline and nicotinic acid (800 mg pentifylline, 200 mg nicotinic acid daily), SPECT results for the Peel-proc program indicated a statistically significant improvement in CBF of the total brain, with a more pronounced improvement in the cerebellum and frontal regions, where a definite shift from abnormal to normal blood flow was detected. Spontaneous communication from most of the volunteers suggested that they experienced an improvement in memory and general well-being from the combination treatment. After 2 months of oral treatment with piracetam (2.4 g daily) in elderly human volunteers, SPECT results indicated a regional improvement in CBF, particularly in the cerebellum. However, no beneficial effects with this drug were spontaneously reported. CONCLUSION: The in vivo method to quantitatively monitor the progress of long-term drug therapy on CBF described here could be useful to assess and even direct changes in therapy.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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Safety of 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione. So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic. Compound: 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione, is researched, Molecular C13H20N4O2, CAS is 1028-33-7, about Intestinal absorption of nine drugs from oily vehicles and its relation to partition phenomena.

An in situ small intestine perfusion technique in the rat was used to study the absorption of drugs from oily vehicles. The affinity of the solute for the lipid phase played an important role with 2 triglycerides, tributyrin and tricaprylin; in these oils, absorption rate constants could be related either to entrapment of the drug or a concentration build-up at the intestinal surface, depending on the value of the partition coefficient On the contrary, no general rule could be established with Et laurate, which interacted in a specific manner with each drug tested. Theophylline absorption was strongly increase by this fatty acid ester as shown by luminal and blood level measurements. Thus, this model can be further refined by investigating the importance of the vehicle dose and bile flow to design a new dosage from with increased bioavailability in humans.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Formula: C7H6BrNO2. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: Methyl 6-bromonicotinate, is researched, Molecular C7H6BrNO2, CAS is 26218-78-0, about Novel Oxindole Based Sensitizers: Synthesis and Application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Author is Tingare, Yogesh S.; Shen, Ming-Tai; Su, Chaochin; Ho, Shih-Yu; Tsai, Sheng-Han; Chen, Bo-Ren; Li, Wen-Ren.

Two novel oxindole sensitizers have been synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. These new dyes can provide an addnl. pathway to inject electrons into the photoanode through the partial chelation of their amide carbonyl groups to the TiO2 surface. Incorporation of an electron deficient pyridine in the acceptor of the TI125 dye was found to enhance the photovoltage and conversion efficiency of the cell.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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Winde, Ekkehard published an article about the compound: 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione( cas:1028-33-7,SMILESS:CN1C=NC(N(C(N2CCCCCC)=O)C)=C1C2=O ).Quality Control of 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:1028-33-7) through the article.

A Rotating Dissolution cell (RD-cell), based on the flow-through principle, is presented for the determination of the dissolution rates of drugs from oral solid dosage forms. Due to the rotational movement of the cell, a liquid current is generated perpendicular to the direction of the flow of the test medium. Thereby the mech. stress on the dosage form becomes nearly independent on the flow rate of the medium and may be varied by adjusting the speed of rotation. The all-glass construction eliminates the absorption of dissolved drug by plastics used in other testing devices, such as membrane filters and tubes. The cell is especially suitable for testing sustained-release dosage forms as demonstrated by results from 14 com. preparations These included various retard principles, such as diffusion pellets, imbedments, matrixes and ion exchange. The release profiles obtained with the RD-cell are reproducible and provide a measure for the pharmaceutical equivalence of similar dosage forms.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Bhoir, Indravadan C.; Raman, Bhanu; Sundaresan, M.; Bhagwat, Ashok M. published the article 《Separation and estimation of seven vasodilators using packed column supercritical fluid chromatography》. Keywords: supercritical fluid chromatog vasodilator determination.They researched the compound: 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione( cas:1028-33-7 ).Recommanded Product: 1-Hexyl-3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:1028-33-7) here.

This paper reports a method for an isocratic separation and simultaneous estimation of 7 vasodilators: isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN), isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), cyclandelate, nimodipine, amlodipine, pentifylline and pentoxifylline using packed column supercritical fluid chromatog. (SFC). An arbitrary choice of vasodilatory compounds with respect to their chem. structures was made to examine the viability of this technique for anal. of drugs and pharmaceuticals. Elution was performed on a RP-C18 column. SFC offers several degrees of freedom: temperature, pressure and modifier concentration to attain optimum resolution and sensitivity. The effects of these parameters on retention time were studied by using methanol modified carbon dioxide. The analytes were identified and measured by UV-detection. The chromatog. points of merit have been listed. Detection limits appear to be similar to those found in liquid chromatog. Modifier concentration does generally make major changes in retention and selectivity. A full scale validation for the seven vasodilators has been attempted and the statistical quality evaluated.

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Reference:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Application of 26218-78-0. The protonation of heteroatoms in aromatic heterocycles can be divided into two categories: lone pairs of electrons are in the aromatic ring conjugated system; and lone pairs of electrons do not participate. Compound: Methyl 6-bromonicotinate, is researched, Molecular C7H6BrNO2, CAS is 26218-78-0, about Doping Metal-Organic Frameworks for Water Oxidation, Carbon Dioxide Reduction, and Organic Photocatalysis. Author is Wang, Cheng; Xie, Zhigang; de Krafft, Kathryn E.; Lin, Wenbin.

Catalytically competent Ir, Re, and Ru complexes H2L1-H2L6 with dicarboxylic acid functionalities were incorporated into a highly stable and porous Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6 (UiO-67, bpdc = para-biphenyldicarboxylic acid) framework using a mix-and-match synthetic strategy. The matching ligand lengths between bpdc and L1-L6 ligands allowed the construction of highly crystalline UiO-67 frameworks (metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) 1-6) that were doped with L1-L6 ligands. MOFs 1-6 were isostructural to the parent UiO-67 framework as shown by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and exhibited high surface areas ranging from 1092 to 1497 m2/g. MOFs 1-6 were stable in air up to 400 °C and active catalysts in a range of reactions that are relevant to solar energy utilization. MOFs 1-3 containing [Cp*IrIII(dcppy)Cl] (H2L1), [Cp*IrIII(dcbpy)Cl]Cl (H2L2), and [IrIII(dcppy)2(H2O)2]OTf (H2L3) (where Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, dcppy is 2-phenylpyridine-5,4′-dicarboxylic acid, and dcbpy is 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylic acid) were effective water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), with turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to 4.8 h-1. The [ReI(CO)3(dcbpy)Cl] (H2L4) derivatized MOF 4 served as an active catalyst for photocatalytic CO2 reduction with a total turnover number (TON) of 10.9, three times higher than that of the homogeneous complex H2L4. MOFs 5 and 6 contained phosphorescent [IrIII(ppy)2(dcbpy)]Cl (H2L5) and [RuII(bpy)2(dcbpy)]Cl2 (H2L6) (where ppy is 2-phenylpyridine and bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine) and were used in three photocatalytic organic transformations (aza-Henry reaction, aerobic amine coupling, and aerobic oxidation of thioanisole) with very high activities. The inactivity of the parent UiO-67 framework and the reaction supernatants in catalytic water oxidation, CO2 reduction, and organic transformations indicate both the mol. origin and heterogeneous nature of these catalytic processes. The stability of the doped UiO-67 catalysts under catalytic conditions was also demonstrated by comparing PXRD patterns before and after catalysis. This work illustrates the potential of combining mol. catalysts and MOF structures in developing highly active heterogeneous catalysts for solar energy utilization.

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Reference:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: Methyl 6-bromonicotinate, is researched, Molecular C7H6BrNO2, CAS is 26218-78-0, about [4+2] cycloaddition of trifluoromethyl ketimines with 2-alkenyl azaarenes through selective C-F bond cleavage of CF3.Reference of Methyl 6-bromonicotinate.

A new [4+2] cycloaddition of trifluoromethyl ketimines R1C6H4C(CF3)=NCH2C6H4R2 (R1 = H, 3-Me, 4-Br, 3-Cl, etc.; R2 = H, 3-F-4-Cl, 2-Me, 4-OMe, etc.) with 2-alkenyl azaarenes R3CH=CH2 (R3 = 5-cyano-3-methylpyridin-2-yl, 4-methylpyridin-2-yl, 6-chloroquinolin-2-yl, etc.) through selective C-F bond cleavage of CF3 has been developed. The reactions are promoted by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) under mild conditions to give cis-tetrahydropyridine I products in moderate yields. D. functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the in situ formed (E)-N-(2,2-difluoro-1-phenylvinyl)-1-phenylmethanimine is the key intermediate for the formation of cis-tetrahydropyridine products I which have the lowest energy among the four possible products.

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Reference:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem