Tag: 300-400

Drug repurposing screens identify chemical entities for the development of COVID-19 interventions was written by Bakowski, Malina A.;Beutler, Nathan;Wolff, Karen C.;Kirkpatrick, Melanie G.;Chen, Emily;Nguyen, Tu-Trinh H.;Riva, Laura;Shaabani, Namir;Parren, Mara;Ricketts, James;Gupta, Anil K.;Pan, Kastin;Kuo, Peiting;Fuller, MacKenzie;Garcia, Elijah;Teijaro, John R.;Yang, Linlin;Sahoo, Debashis;Chi, Victor;Huang, Edward;Vargas, Natalia;Roberts, Amanda J.;Das, Soumita;Ghosh, Pradipta;Woods, Ashley K.;Joseph, Sean B.;Hull, Mitchell V.;Schultz, Peter G.;Burton, Dennis R.;Chatterjee, Arnab K.;McNamara, Case W.;Rogers, Thomas F.. And the article was included in Nature Communications in 2021.Formula: C13H19N3O7 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Abstract: The ongoing pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), necessitates strategies to identify prophylactic and therapeutic drug candidates for rapid clin. deployment. Here, we describe a screening pipeline for the discovery of efficacious SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. We screen a best-in-class drug repurposing library, ReFRAME, against two high-throughput, high-content imaging infection assays: one using HeLa cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the other using lung epithelial Calu-3 cells. From nearly 12,000 compounds, we identify 49 (in HeLa-ACE2) and 41 (in Calu-3) compounds capable of selectively inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication. Notably, most screen hits are cell-line specific, likely due to different virus entry mechanisms or host cell-specific sensitivities to modulators. Among these promising hits, the antivirals nelfinavir and the parent of prodrug MK-4482 possess desirable in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic and human safety profiles, and both reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication in an orthogonal human differentiated primary cell model. Furthermore, MK-4482 effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model. Overall, we identify direct-acting antivirals as the most promising compounds for drug repurposing, addnl. compounds that may have value in combination therapies, and tool compounds for identification of viral host cell targets. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5Formula: C13H19N3O7).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. Solid acid catalysis, and the advantages often associated with their use, have been proved equally efficient for the synthesis of tetrahydrofurans or furans. Oxidations have also proved to be valuable and efficient approaches to chiral tetrahydrofuran derivatives.Formula: C13H19N3O7

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Deciphering ligand dependent degree of binding site closure and its implication in inhibitor design: A modeling study on human adenosine kinase was written by Bhutoria, Savita;Ghoshal, Nanda. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling in 2010.Application In Synthesis of (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Protein flexibility plays a significant role in drug research due to its effect on accurate prediction of ligand binding mode and activity. Adenosine kinase (AK) represents a highly flexible binding site and is known to exhibit large conformational changes as a result of substrate or inhibitor binding. Here we propose a semi-open conformation for ligand binding in human AK, in addition to the known closed and open forms. The modeling study illustrates the necessity of thorough understanding of the conformational states of protein for docking and binding mode prediction. It has been shown that predicting activity in the context of correct binding mode can improve the insight into conserved interactions and mechanism of action for inhibition of AK. Integrating the knowledge about the binding modes of ligands in different conformational states of the protein, sep. pharmacophore models were generated and used for virtual screening to explore potential novel hits. In addition, 2D descriptor based clustering was done to differentiate the ligands, binding to closed, semi-open and open conformations of human AK. The results indicated that binding of all AK inhibitors cannot be described by same rules, instead, they represent a rule based preference for inhibition. This inference about tubercidins binding to semi-open conformation of human AK may facilitate in finding much extensive space for AK inhibitors. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4Application In Synthesis of (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol).

(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is a stable compound with relatively low boiling point and excellent solvency. It is more basic than diethyl ether and forms stronger complexes with Li+, Mg2+, and boranes. It is a popular solvent for hydroboration reactions and for organometallic compounds such as organolithium and Grignard reagents.Application In Synthesis of (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Genotoxicity assessment of potentially mutagenic nucleoside analogues using ToxTracker was written by Brandsma, Inger;Derr, Remco;Zhang, Gaonan;Moelijker, Nynke;Hendriks, Giel;Oesterlund, Torben. And the article was included in Toxicology Letters in 2022.Recommanded Product: 2492423-29-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Nucleoside analogs have long been designed and tested in cancer treatment and against viral infections. However, several early compounds were shown to have mutagenic properties as a consequence of their mode-of-action. This limited their use, and several have been discontinued for lengthy treatments or altogether. Nonetheless, nucleoside analogs remain an attractive modality for virally driven diseases, of which many still are without proper treatment options. To quant. assess the genotoxic mode-of-action of a panel of nucleoside analogs, we applied the ToxTracker reporter assay. Many of the early nucleoside analogs showed a genotoxic response. The more recently developed nucleoside analogs, Remdesivir and Molnupiravir that are currently being repurposed for Covid-19 treatment, had a different profile in ToxTracker and did not induce the genotoxicity reporters. Our analyses support the metabolite GS-441524 over the parent analog Remdesivir. In contrast, Molnupiravir was devoid of clear cellular toxicity while its active metabolite (EIDD-1931) was cytotoxic and induced several biomarkers. Nucleoside analogs continue to be attractive treatment options upon viral infections. ToxTracker readily distinguished between the genotoxic analogs and those with different profiles and provides a basis for clustering and potency ranking, offering a comprehensive tool to assess the toxicity of nucleoside analogs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5Recommanded Product: 2492423-29-5).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives.Tetrahydrofuran has many industry uses as a solvent including in natural and synthetic resins, high polymers, fat oils, rubber, polymer. It is more basic than diethyl ether and forms stronger complexes with Li+, Mg2+, and boranes. It is a popular solvent for hydroboration reactions and for organometallic compounds such as organolithium and Grignard reagents.Recommanded Product: 2492423-29-5

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Chemical activation of EDS1/PAD4 signaling leading to pathogen resistance in arabidopsis was written by Joglekar, Shachi;Suliman, Mohamed;Bartsch, Michael;Halder, Vivek;Maintz, Jens;Bautor, Jaqueline;Zeier, Juergen;Parker, Jane E.;Kombrink, Erich. And the article was included in Plant and Cell Physiology in 2018.HPLC of Formula: 24386-93-4 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

In a chem. screen we identified thaxtomin A (TXA), a phytotoxin from plant pathogenic Streptomyces scabies, as a selective and potent activator of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). TXA induction of FMO1 was unrelated to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plant cell death or its known inhibition of cellulose synthesis. TXA-stimulated FMO1 expression was strictly dependent on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) but independent of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis via ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1). TXA induced the expression of several EDS1/PAD4- regulated genes, including EDS1, PAD4, SENESCENCE Associated GENE101 (SAG101), ICS1, AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1), and accumulation of SA. TXA treatment preferentially stimulated expression of PAD4 compared with EDS1, which was mirrored by PAD4 protein accumulation, suggesting that TXA leads to increased PAD4 availability to form EDS1-PAD4 signaling complexes. Also, TXA treatment of Arabidopsis plants led to enhanced disease resistance to bacterial and oomycete infection, which was dependent on EDS1 and PAD4, as well as on FMO1 and ICS1. Collectively, the data identify TXA as a potentially useful chem. tool to conditionally activate and interrogate EDS1- and PAD4-controlled pathways in plant immunity. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4HPLC of Formula: 24386-93-4).

(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a Lewis base that bonds to a variety of Lewis acids such as I2, phenols, triethylaluminum and bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II). THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), etc.HPLC of Formula: 24386-93-4

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Solanaceae Family Phytochemicals as Inhibitors of 3C-Like Protease of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Analysis was written by Mahmood, Raisul Awal;Hasan, Anamul;Rahmatullah, Mohammed;Paul, Alok K.;Jahan, Rownak;Jannat, Khoshnur;Bondhon, Tohmina Afroze;Mahboob, Tooba;Nissapatorn, Veeranoot;de Lourdes Pereira, Maria;Paul, Tridib K.;Rumi, Ommay Hany;Wiart, Christophe;Wilairatana, Polrat. And the article was included in Molecules in 2022.Product Details of 2492423-29-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in late Dec. 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of 8 Apr. 2022, the virus has caused a global pandemic, resulting in 494,587,638 infections leading to 6,170,283 deaths around the world. Although several vaccines have received emergency authorization from USA and UK drug authorities and two more in Russia and China, it is too early to comment on the prolonged effectiveness of the vaccines, their availability, and affordability for the developing countries of the world, and the daunting task to vaccinate 7 billion people of the world with two doses of the vaccine with addnl. booster doses. As a result, it is still worthwhile to search for drugs and several promising leads have been found, mainly through in silico studies. In this study, we have examined the binding energies of several alkaloids and anthocyanin derivatives from the Solanaceae family, a family which contains common consumable vegetables and fruit items such as eggplant, pepper, and tomatoes. Our study demonstrates that Solanaceae family alkaloids such as incanumine and solaradixine, as well as anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, have very high predicted binding energies for the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2 (also known as Mpro). Since Mpro is vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication, the compounds merit potential for further antiviral research towards the objective of obtaining affordable drugs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5Product Details of 2492423-29-5).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a Lewis base that bonds to a variety of Lewis acids such as I2, phenols, triethylaluminum and bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II). THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), etc.Product Details of 2492423-29-5

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Human/SARS-CoV-2 genome-scale metabolic modeling to discover potential antiviral targets for COVID-19 was written by Wang, Feng-Sheng;Chen, Ke-Lin;Chu, Sz-Wei. And the article was included in Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2022.Quality Control of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a substantial increase in mortality and economic and social disruption. The absence of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the need for new therapeutic drugs to combat COVID-19. The present study proposed a fuzzy hierarchical optimization framework for identifying potential antiviral targets for COVID-19. The objectives in the decision-making problem were not only to evaluate the elimination of the virus growth, but also to minimize side effects causing treatment. The identified candidate targets could promote processes of drug discovery and development. Our gene-centric method revealed that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition could reduce viral biomass growth and metabolic deviation by 99.4% and 65.6%, resp., and increase cell viability by 70.4%. We also identified two-target combinations that could completely block viral biomass growth and more effectively prevent metabolic deviation. We also discovered that the inhibition of two antiviral metabolites, cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP), exhibits effects similar to those of molnupiravir, which is undergoing phase III clin. trials. Our predictions also indicate that CTP and UTP inhibition blocks viral RNA replication through a similar mechanism to that of molnupiravir. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5Quality Control of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives.Tetrahydrofuran has many industry uses as a solvent including in natural and synthetic resins, high polymers, fat oils, rubber, polymer. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), etc.Quality Control of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury and spreading to various organs was written by Tarnawski, Andrzej S.;Ahluwalia, Amrita. And the article was included in World Journal of Gastroenterology in 2022.Safety of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A review. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected so far over 250 million people and caused the death of over 5 million worldwide. Aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, conditions with preexisting impaired endothelial functions predispose to COVID-19. While respiratory epithelium is the main route of virus entry, the endothelial cells (ECs) lining pulmonary blood vessels are also an integral part of lung injury in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 not only affects the lungs and respiratory system but also gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, brain, and skin. Blood vessels are likely conduits for the virus dissemination to these distant organs. Importantly, ECs are also critical for vascular regeneration during injury/lesions healing and restoration of vascular network. The World Journal of Gastroenterol. has published in last two years over 67 outstanding papers on COVID-19 infection with a focus on the GI tract, liver, pancreas, etc., however, the role of the endothelial and vascular components as major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury, spreading to various organs, and injury healing have not been sufficiently emphasized. In the present article, we focus on these subjects and on current treatments including the most recent oral drugs molnupiravir and paxlovid that show a dramatic, significant efficacy in controlling severe COVID-19 infection. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5Safety of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. Tetrahydrofuran and dihydrofuran form the basic structural unit of many naturally occurring scaffolds like gambieric acid A and ciguatoxin, goniocin, and some biologically active molecules. It is more basic than diethyl ether and forms stronger complexes with Li+, Mg2+, and boranes. It is a popular solvent for hydroboration reactions and for organometallic compounds such as organolithium and Grignard reagents.Safety of ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Drug Interactions With a Short Course of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir: Prescribers and Patients Beware was written by Ratain, Mark J.;Greenblatt, David J.. And the article was included in Journal of Clinical Pharmacology in 2022.SDS of cas: 2492423-29-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The COVID-19 pandemic has taught us to expect the unexpected. Administration for 2 oral products for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19, Pfizer’s combination product, composed of nirmatrelvir 250 mg and ritonavir 100 mg (N+R), and Merck’s molnupiravir both administered over 5 days. While N + R appears to have greater efficacy than molnupiravir, there has been little discussion regarding the unintended consequences of widespread distribution of a ritonavir-containing product. Likewise, the coformulation of N + R enables maintenance of effective antiviral concentrations of nirmatrelvir over a full 24-h period with twice-daily dosing. Food and Drug Administration requires a sufficient set of drug interaction studies, including careful evaluation of the required washout period after completion of the 5-day course. In the interim, providers who choose to prescribe N + R will need to fully understand the implications of initiating a 5-day course of ritonavir. And patients will need to fully understand the risks of taking any drugs (whether or not prescribed) in this context. However, given that many patients who will be seeking N + R have already declined medical recommendations for vaccination, it is likely that some patients will also choose to ignore the warnings regarding the risks of certain concomitant drugs, which include ivermectin, as well as many recreational drugs. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as ((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5SDS of cas: 2492423-29-5).

((2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-((Z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate (cas: 2492423-29-5) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is a stable compound with relatively low boiling point and excellent solvency. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), etc.SDS of cas: 2492423-29-5

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Overexpression of CYP2E1 induces HepG2 cells death by the AMP kinase activator 5′-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) was written by Zhuge, Jian. And the article was included in Cell Biology and Toxicology in 2009.Computed Properties of C11H13IN4O4 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

5′-Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a phylogenetically conserved serine/threonine protein kinase. AMPK may inhibit cell growth and proliferation and also regulates apoptosis. 5′-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) is a cell-permeable AMPK activator. Activation of AMPK with AICAR has been shown to induce apoptosis of the rat hepatoma cell line FTO2B cells and almost completely inhibited HepG2 cells growth. In this study, a HepG2 cell line, which was transfected with a vector containing human CYP2E1 cDNA (E47 cells), was treated with AICAR. Cell proliferation was blocked, and apoptosis and necrosis were elevated as assessed by cellular morphol., DNA content assay, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage. AICAR treatment significantly increases CYP2E1 activity (20-fold) and expression (5.5-fold) in E47 cells. Iodotubericidin, which inhibits the conversion of AICAR to its activated form AICAR monophosphate, the antioxidants trolox and MnTMPyP, and 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of CYP2E1, all can protect the E47 cells from AICAR-induced necrosis. Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was increased by AICAR treatment in E47 cells. The cytotoxicity mechanism of AICAR in E47 cells is suggested to include AMPK activation, p53 phosphorylation, p21 expression, overexpression of CYP2E1, and intracellular ROS accumulation. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4Computed Properties of C11H13IN4O4).

(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives.Tetrahydrofuran has many industry uses as a solvent including in natural and synthetic resins, high polymers, fat oils, rubber, polymer. THF can also be synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of furan. This allows certain sugars to be converted to THF via acid-catalyzed digestion to furfural and decarbonylation to furan, although this method is not widely practiced. THF is thus derivable from renewable resources.Computed Properties of C11H13IN4O4

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

Identification of growth inhibiting compounds in a Giardia lamblia high-throughput screen was written by Bonilla-Santiago, Ruben;Wu, Zhijin;Zhang, Linghui;Widmer, Giovanni. And the article was included in Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology in 2008.Recommanded Product: (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Giardia lamblia is one of the most common eukaryotic pathogens and is classified by the CDC as a category B agent of bioterrorism. In a departure from more traditional research focused on specific pathways or mols., we have developed a high-throughput assay for screening libraries of small compounds for inhibitors and enhancers of trophozoite multiplication. Following a 24-h period of culture in 384-well plates in the presence of compounds, trophozoites were fixed, stained and enumerated. Quadruplicate screening of 1520 compounds from two libraries of known bioactives detected numerous inhibitory compounds Based on a stringent cut-off of 5 standard deviations from the plate mean, 50 compounds (3.3%) were inhibitory. The activity of 3 compounds was confirmed in conventional culture. Although not meeting the threshold, one compound (indirubin) was identified as an agonist of trophozoite proliferation. Demonstrating the potential of high-throughput screening for rapidly finding new compounds which perturb G. lamblia multiplication, most of the hits identified by high-throughput screening do not appear to have been tested previously for their ability to affect G. lamblia trophozoites. High-throughput screening of bioactive compounds will open new avenues to a system-wide anal. of pathways affecting G. lamblia proliferation, and eventually to other phases of the life cycle. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4Recommanded Product: (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol).

(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (cas: 24386-93-4) belongs to tetrahydrofuran derivatives. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is water-miscible and has a low viscosity making it a highly versatile solvent used in a variety of industries. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is also used as a starting material for the synthesis of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), etc.Recommanded Product: (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(4-Amino-5-iodo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol

Referemce:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem