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Three-component condensation of ninhydrin, malononitrile, and some nucleophilic reagents in the presence of piperidine under microwave irradiation without solvent afforded the corresponding spiro-fused pyran derivatives. The structures of the products were proved by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and MS spectroscopy.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

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The diazoketones 2 have been synthesized by diazo transfer reaction with 2-azido-3-ethylbenzthiazolium tetrafluoroborate.The rhodium-catalyzed decomposition of compounds 2 in tert-butyl alcohol at 130 deg C furnishes the reductone monoethers 3 and after deprotection the aci-reductones 4.Methylation of compounds 4 with diazomethane proceeds stepwise leading first to the monoethers 5 and then to the diethers 6.The thiolactone 4b and even more the lactams 4c and 4d are stronger reducing agents than the lactone 4a. – Key Words: 2,4-Oxolandiones / 2,4-Thiolandiones / 2,4-Pyrrolidindiones / Reductones / Diazo compounds

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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Colony brood levels, frames of bees (adult bee mass) and internal hive temperature were monitored for 60 colonies for each of two years as they were moved from agricultural, tree crop and mountain landscapes in southern California to blueberry and almond pollination sites. Hive weight was also continuously monitored for 20 of those hives for 6 weeks for both years, during commercial pollination. Pesticide residues in wax, honey and beebread samples were analyzed by composite apiary samples. While colonies in mountain sites had more adult bees and brood than those in agricultural sites in August, by October brood levels were higher in colonies from agricultural sites. Though hives from different original landscapes differed in size in October, hive assessments revealed no differences between the groups after co-wintering when graded for commercial almond pollination. Beebread from hives in agricultural sites had greater agrochemical diversity and in general higher pesticide hazard quotients than those from mountain sites, but those hives also had higher and more constant temperatures from September until January than hives from mountain sites. Hives placed in commercial almond pollination gained on average 287 g per d, compared to an average loss of 68 g per d for colonies in commercial blueberry pollination, although weight data indicated greater foraging effort by colonies in blueberries, possibly due to the proximity and abundance of almond pollen during bloom. Temperature monitoring was effective at distinguishing hive groups and had the best overall value in terms of equipment, installation, colony disturbance and information yield.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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(Chemical Equation Presented) A series of new and significative bifunctional compounds containing two pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine moieties has been synthesized through a rapid one-pot three-component reaction of dialdehyde, 5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole and active methylene compounds in glycol under microwave irradiation without catalyst. The method has the advantages of good yield (85-98%), short route and reaction time (45-300s), wide reaction scope and easy work-up procedure.

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The hydrophobicity and high potency of many therapeutic agents makes them difficult to use effectively in clinical practice. This work focuses on conjugating phospholipid tails (2T) onto podophyllotoxin (P) and its analogue (N) using a linker and characterizing the effects of their incorporation into lipid-based drug delivery vehicles for triggered ultrasound delivery. Differential Scanning Calorimetry results show that successfully synthesized lipophilic prodrugs, 2T-P (~28 % yield) and 2T-N(~26 % yield), incorporate within the lipid membranes of liposomes. As a result of this, increased stability and incorporation are observed in 2T-P and 2T-N in comparison to the parent compounds P and N. Molecular dynamic simulation results support that prodrugs remain within the lipid membrane over a relevant range of concentrations. 2T-N?s (IC50: 20 nM) biological activity was retained in HeLa cells (cervical cancer), whereas 2T-P?s (IC50: ~4 muM) suffered, presumably due to steric hindrance. Proof-of-concept studies using ultrasound in vitro microbubble and nanodroplet delivery vehicles establish that these prodrugs are capable of localized drug delivery. This study provides useful information about the synthesis of double tail analogues of insoluble chemotherapeutic agents to facilitate incorporation into drug delivery vehicles. The phospholipid attachment strategy presented here could be applied to other well suited drugs such as gemcitabine, commonly known for its treatment of pancreatic cancer.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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The first synthesis of a new zooecdysteroid gerardiasterone was achieved in a diastereoselective manner employing asymmetric dihydroxylation of the E-olefin 34 in the presence of DHQ-CLB as a chiral ligand. This synthesis umambiguously confirmed the structure of gerardiasterone as (20R,22R,23S)-2beta,3beta,14alpha20,22,23,25-heptahydroxy-5beta-cholest-7-en-6- one (2a).

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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A practical and sustainable chemical process for the synthesis of highly substituted tetrahydro-isobenzofuran-1,5-diones was achieved for the first time through asymmetric cascade Michael-aldol reaction of 4-hydroxy-3-alkyl-5H-furan- 2-ones with alkyl vinyl ketones in the presence of a catalytic amount of l-proline or 9-amino-9-deoxyepiquinine/TCA. In this article, we discovered for the first time the asymmetric synthesis of privileged bicyclic lactones through kinetic resolution and show the synthetic application to pharmaceuticals and natural products synthesis.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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The present invention relates to the identification of compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for treating subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. The invention also provides methods of preparing the provided compounds.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
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An efficient in-situ reduction and cyclization reaction for the synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3-f]quinoline, pyrazolo[3,4-f]quinoline, and pyrazolo[3,2-f]quinoline derivatives directly form 5-nitroindazole, 6-nitroindazole and 5-nitroindole in the presence of SnCl2·2H2O was reported. Compared to traditional synthetic methods, this approach has the advantages of stable reagents, easy obtaining raw material, and high yields. In this research, SnCl2·2H2O is the efficient reducing agent for the in-situ reduction and cyclization reaction of nitro-compound. In addition, this process provided an alternative approach for the synthesis of target compounds.

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Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem

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The risk of exposure of honey bees to the presence of insecticides in melliferous plants is higher than previously reported. Therefore, monitoring insecticide residues in these plants is of great importance to honey bee safety. A novelty of the present research was the development of an innovative procedure for determination of residues of 142 insecticides in weeds and agricultural crops among melliferous plants. Phacelia, buckwheat, rape, common dandelion, cornflower and clover were selected for testing. Samples were extracted via QuEChERS. Two single sorbents (Z-Sep and Chitosan) and two combinations of sorbents (PSA/C18/ENVI-Carb/MgSO4, PSA/GCB/MgSO4) were tested. The matrix effect was applied as the main criterion for assessment of the method’s effectiveness. The best sorbent for preparation of: (i) common dandelion samples was PSA/GCB/MgSO4, (ii) rape, cornflower and clover samples – PSA/C18/ENVI-Carb/MgSO4 sorbent and (iii) phacelia and buckwheat samples – Z-Sep sorbent. The developed procedure was applied for quantification of insecticide residues in 41 melliferous plant samples to estimate exposure of honey bees to pesticides through calculation of the hazard quotient (HQ). In total, 12 different insecticides were detected. The presence of neonicotinoid insecticides was found 7 times. The residues most frequently identified in melliferous plants were deltamethrin, dimethoate, and its metabolite, omethoate. An increased insecticide risk to honey bees was found for 4.9% and 9.8% of samples, for the oral and contact dose, respectively. This is why the hazard of melliferous plant residues was considered elevated for honey bees. The results clearly demonstrated that the approach developed provides reliable, simple and rapid determination of insecticides in melliferous plants, which is of great importance to honey bee safety.

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Reference:
Tetrahydrofuran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydrofuran | (CH2)3CH2O – PubChem